前言

在我們學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程中，肯定會(huì)用到各種各樣的模塊。所以今天我們從time模塊開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)

首先我們?cè)谑褂媚硞€(gè)模塊的時(shí)候，肯定要先導(dǎo)入這個(gè)模塊

import time

而當(dāng)我們想看看這個(gè)模塊是干什么的，我們可以使用help函數(shù)來(lái)看

print(help(time)) # 打印幫助信息

'E:Program Files (x86)python_3.8python.exe' D:/Application/pycharm_works/_1/test/python模塊之time模塊.pyHelp on built-in module time:NAME time - This module provides various functions to manipulate time values.DESCRIPTION There are two standard representations of time. One is the number of seconds since the Epoch, in UTC (a.k.a. GMT). It may be an integer or a floating point number (to represent fractions of seconds). The Epoch is system-defined; on Unix, it is generally January 1st, 1970. The actual value can be retrieved by calling gmtime(0). The other representation is a tuple of 9 integers giving local time. The tuple items are: year (including century, e.g. 1998) month (1-12) day (1-31) hours (0-23) minutes (0-59) seconds (0-59) weekday (0-6, Monday is 0) Julian day (day in the year, 1-366) DST (Daylight Savings Time) flag (-1, 0 or 1) If the DST flag is 0, the time is given in the regular time zone; if it is 1, the time is given in the DST time zone; if it is -1, mktime() should guess based on the date and time.CLASSES builtins.tuple(builtins.object) struct_time class struct_time(builtins.tuple) | struct_time(iterable=(), /) | | The time value as returned by gmtime(), localtime(), and strptime(), and | accepted by asctime(), mktime() and strftime(). May be considered as a | sequence of 9 integers. | | Note that several fields’ values are not the same as those defined by | the C language standard for struct tm. For example, the value of the | field tm_year is the actual year, not year - 1900. See individual | fields’ descriptions for details. | | Method resolution order: | struct_time | builtins.tuple | builtins.object | | Methods defined here: | | __reduce__(...) | Helper for pickle. | | __repr__(self, /) | Return repr(self). | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Static methods defined here: | | __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type | Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | tm_gmtoff | offset from UTC in seconds | | tm_hour | hours, range [0, 23] | | tm_isdst | 1 if summer time is in effect, 0 if not, and -1 if unknown | | tm_mday | day of month, range [1, 31] | | tm_min | minutes, range [0, 59] | | tm_mon | month of year, range [1, 12] | | tm_sec | seconds, range [0, 61]) | | tm_wday | day of week, range [0, 6], Monday is 0 | | tm_yday | day of year, range [1, 366] | | tm_year | year, for example, 1993 | | tm_zone | abbreviation of timezone name | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | n_fields = 11 | | n_sequence_fields = 9 | | n_unnamed_fields = 0 | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from builtins.tuple: | | __add__(self, value, /) | Return self+value. | | __contains__(self, key, /) | Return key in self. | | __eq__(self, value, /) | Return self==value. | | __ge__(self, value, /) | Return self>=value. | | __getattribute__(self, name, /) | Return getattr(self, name). | | __getitem__(self, key, /) | Return self[key]. | | __getnewargs__(self, /) | | __gt__(self, value, /) | Return self>value. | | __hash__(self, /) | Return hash(self). | | __iter__(self, /) | Implement iter(self). | | __le__(self, value, /) | Return self<=value. | | __len__(self, /) | Return len(self). | | __lt__(self, value, /) | Return self<value. | | __mul__(self, value, /) | Return self*value. | | __ne__(self, value, /) | Return self!=value. | | __rmul__(self, value, /) | Return value*self. | | count(self, value, /) | Return number of occurrences of value. | | index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /) | Return first index of value. | | Raises ValueError if the value is not present.FUNCTIONS asctime(...) asctime([tuple]) -> string Convert a time tuple to a string, e.g. ’Sat Jun 06 16:26:11 1998’. When the time tuple is not present, current time as returned by localtime() is used. ctime(...) ctime(seconds) -> string Convert a time in seconds since the Epoch to a string in local time. This is equivalent to asctime(localtime(seconds)). When the time tuple is not present, current time as returned by localtime() is used. get_clock_info(...) get_clock_info(name: str) -> dict Get information of the specified clock. gmtime(...) gmtime([seconds]) -> (tm_year, tm_mon, tm_mday, tm_hour, tm_min,tm_sec, tm_wday, tm_yday, tm_isdst) Convert seconds since the Epoch to a time tuple expressing UTC (a.k.a. GMT). When ’seconds’ is not passed in, convert the current time instead. If the platform supports the tm_gmtoff and tm_zone, they are available as attributes only. localtime(...) localtime([seconds]) -> (tm_year,tm_mon,tm_mday,tm_hour,tm_min, tm_sec,tm_wday,tm_yday,tm_isdst) Convert seconds since the Epoch to a time tuple expressing local time. When ’seconds’ is not passed in, convert the current time instead. mktime(...) mktime(tuple) -> floating point number Convert a time tuple in local time to seconds since the Epoch. Note that mktime(gmtime(0)) will not generally return zero for most time zones; instead the returned value will either be equal to that of the timezone or altzone attributes on the time module. monotonic(...) monotonic() -> float Monotonic clock, cannot go backward. monotonic_ns(...) monotonic_ns() -> int Monotonic clock, cannot go backward, as nanoseconds. perf_counter(...) perf_counter() -> float Performance counter for benchmarking. perf_counter_ns(...) perf_counter_ns() -> int Performance counter for benchmarking as nanoseconds. process_time(...) process_time() -> float Process time for profiling: sum of the kernel and user-space CPU time. process_time_ns(...) process_time() -> int Process time for profiling as nanoseconds: sum of the kernel and user-space CPU time. sleep(...) sleep(seconds) Delay execution for a given number of seconds. The argument may be a floating point number for subsecond precision. strftime(...) strftime(format[, tuple]) -> string Convert a time tuple to a string according to a format specification. See the library reference manual for formatting codes. When the time tuple is not present, current time as returned by localtime() is used. Commonly used format codes: %Y Year with century as a decimal number. %m Month as a decimal number [01,12]. %d Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. %H Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. %M Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. %S Second as a decimal number [00,61]. %z Time zone offset from UTC. %a Locale’s abbreviated weekday name. %A Locale’s full weekday name. %b Locale’s abbreviated month name. %B Locale’s full month name. %c Locale’s appropriate date and time representation. %I Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. %p Locale’s equivalent of either AM or PM. Other codes may be available on your platform. See documentation for the C library strftime function. strptime(...) strptime(string, format) -> struct_time Parse a string to a time tuple according to a format specification. See the library reference manual for formatting codes (same as strftime()). Commonly used format codes: %Y Year with century as a decimal number. %m Month as a decimal number [01,12]. %d Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. %H Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. %M Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. %S Second as a decimal number [00,61]. %z Time zone offset from UTC. %a Locale’s abbreviated weekday name. %A Locale’s full weekday name. %b Locale’s abbreviated month name. %B Locale’s full month name. %c Locale’s appropriate date and time representation. %I Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. %p Locale’s equivalent of either AM or PM. Other codes may be available on your platform. See documentation for the C library strftime function. thread_time(...) thread_time() -> float Thread time for profiling: sum of the kernel and user-space CPU time. thread_time_ns(...) thread_time() -> int Thread time for profiling as nanoseconds: sum of the kernel and user-space CPU time. time(...) time() -> floating point number Return the current time in seconds since the Epoch. Fractions of a second may be present if the system clock provides them. time_ns(...) time_ns() -> int Return the current time in nanoseconds since the Epoch.DATA altzone = -32400 daylight = 0 timezone = -28800 tzname = (’中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間’, ’中國(guó)夏令時(shí)’)FILE (built-in)NoneProcess finished with exit code 0

那么接下來(lái)我們挨個(gè)來(lái)看看

1. time.time()為當(dāng)前時(shí)間戳，從1900年開(kāi)始到當(dāng)前時(shí)間的秒數(shù)

print(help(time.time)) # 打印幫助信息print(time.time()) #1610720236.653394 # 打印當(dāng)前時(shí)間戳

Help on built-in function time in module time:time(...) time() -> floating point number Return the current time in seconds since the Epoch. Fractions of a second may be present if the system clock provides them.None1610727247.1696546

2. time.sleep(secs) 讓程序暫停secs秒

1 print(help(time.sleep)) # 打印幫助信息2 time.sleep(3) # 暫停3秒

Help on built-in function sleep in module time:sleep(...) sleep(seconds) Delay execution for a given number of seconds. The argument may be a floating point number for subsecond precision.None

3.time.gmtime() 結(jié)構(gòu)化時(shí)間，不過(guò)要注意的一點(diǎn)是這個(gè)時(shí)間是世界標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間（格林尼治時(shí)間）

1 print(help(time.gmtime)) # 打印幫助信息2 print(time.gmtime()) # 結(jié)構(gòu)化時(shí)間 time.struct_time(tm_year=2021, tm_mon=1, tm_mday=15, tm_hour=14, tm_min=22, tm_sec=30, tm_wday=4, tm_yday=15, tm_isdst=0)

Help on built-in function gmtime in module time:gmtime(...) gmtime([seconds]) -> (tm_year, tm_mon, tm_mday, tm_hour, tm_min, tm_sec, tm_wday, tm_yday, tm_isdst) Convert seconds since the Epoch to a time tuple expressing UTC (a.k.a. GMT). When ’seconds’ is not passed in, convert the current time instead. If the platform supports the tm_gmtoff and tm_zone, they are available as attributes only.Nonetime.struct_time(tm_year=2021, tm_mon=1, tm_mday=15, tm_hour=16, tm_min=16, tm_sec=39, tm_wday=4, tm_yday=15, tm_isdst=0)

不過(guò)這時(shí)肯定有人該問(wèn)了，那我們的當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間怎么表示呢，所以我們來(lái)介紹下一個(gè)

4.time.localtime()結(jié)構(gòu)化時(shí)間，當(dāng)前時(shí)間

1 print(help(time.localtime)) # 打印幫助信息2 print(time.localtime()) # 當(dāng)前結(jié)構(gòu)化時(shí)間

Help on built-in function localtime in module time:localtime(...) localtime([seconds]) -> (tm_year,tm_mon,tm_mday,tm_hour,tm_min,tm_sec,tm_wday,tm_yday,tm_isdst) Convert seconds since the Epoch to a time tuple expressing local time. When ’seconds’ is not passed in, convert the current time instead.Nonetime.struct_time(tm_year=2021, tm_mon=1, tm_mday=16, tm_hour=0, tm_min=17, tm_sec=49, tm_wday=5, tm_yday=16, tm_isdst=0)

總說(shuō)結(jié)構(gòu)化時(shí)間，那結(jié)構(gòu)化時(shí)間是什么呢，我們來(lái)看看里面的參數(shù)

我們來(lái)拿上面這個(gè)例子來(lái)解釋?zhuān)?/p>

tm_year=2021 當(dāng)前所在年tm_mon=1 當(dāng)前所在月tm_mday=15 當(dāng)前所在天tm_hour=23 當(dāng)前所在時(shí)tm_min=18當(dāng)前所在分tm_sec=57當(dāng)前所在秒tm_wday=4當(dāng)前周的第幾天tm_yday=15 當(dāng)前年的第幾天

但是有時(shí)候我們需要的并不是結(jié)構(gòu)化時(shí)間，而是類(lèi)似于 2021-01-15 23:28:26 這樣的格式化時(shí)間，那我們應(yīng)該怎么做呢？

6. time.strftime() 將結(jié)構(gòu)話(huà)時(shí)間化為格式化時(shí)間

1 print(help(time.strftime)) # 打印幫助信息2 struct_time=time.localtime()3 print(time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',struct_time)) # 格式化時(shí)間

Help on built-in function strftime in module time:strftime(...) strftime(format[, tuple]) -> string Convert a time tuple to a string according to a format specification. See the library reference manual for formatting codes. When the time tuple is not present, current time as returned by localtime() is used. Commonly used format codes: %Y Year with century as a decimal number. %m Month as a decimal number [01,12]. %d Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. %H Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. %M Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. %S Second as a decimal number [00,61]. %z Time zone offset from UTC. %a Locale’s abbreviated weekday name. %A Locale’s full weekday name. %b Locale’s abbreviated month name. %B Locale’s full month name. %c Locale’s appropriate date and time representation. %I Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. %p Locale’s equivalent of either AM or PM. Other codes may be available on your platform. See documentation for the C library strftime function.None2021-01-16 00:18:38

同樣這里為什么要寫(xiě)成 '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' 呢，就是為了控制時(shí)間的格式。

那這些都表示什么呢，我們來(lái)看看

%Y Year with century as a decimal number. %m Month as a decimal number [01,12]. %d Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. %H Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. %M Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. %S Second as a decimal number [00,61]. %z Time zone offset from UTC. %a Locale’s abbreviated weekday name. %A Locale’s full weekday name. %b Locale’s abbreviated month name. %B Locale’s full month name. %c Locale’s appropriate date and time representation. %I Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. %p Locale’s equivalent of either AM or PM.

不過(guò)似乎也可以單獨(dú)使用 time.strftime（），我們來(lái)看看結(jié)果，但是我們必須要把格式加上，如下所示：

print(time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')) # 格式化時(shí)間 # 2021-01-15 23:36:49

那么，有時(shí)候我們也需要把格式化時(shí)間轉(zhuǎn)化為結(jié)構(gòu)化時(shí)間來(lái)使用，這時(shí)我們僅僅需要看看接下來(lái)的知識(shí)就能掌握

7. time.strptime() 將格式化時(shí)間(字符串)轉(zhuǎn)化為結(jié)構(gòu)化時(shí)間

print(help(time.strftime))print(time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')) # 格式化時(shí)間 # 2021-01-15 23:36:49

Help on built-in function strftime in module time:strftime(...) strftime(format[, tuple]) -> string Convert a time tuple to a string according to a format specification. See the library reference manual for formatting codes. When the time tuple is not present, current time as returned by localtime() is used. Commonly used format codes: %Y Year with century as a decimal number. %m Month as a decimal number [01,12]. %d Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. %H Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. %M Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. %S Second as a decimal number [00,61]. %z Time zone offset from UTC. %a Locale’s abbreviated weekday name. %A Locale’s full weekday name. %b Locale’s abbreviated month name. %B Locale’s full month name. %c Locale’s appropriate date and time representation. %I Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. %p Locale’s equivalent of either AM or PM. Other codes may be available on your platform. See documentation for the C library strftime function.None2021-01-16 00:20:46

當(dāng)然以上只是一個(gè)舉例，具體我們可以采用如下方式：

a=time.strptime('2021-01-15 22:26:28','%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')print(a.tm_yday) # 15print(a.tm_wday) # 4

最后，我們快接近了尾聲，最后我們?cè)俳榻B兩個(gè)就結(jié)束了

8. time.ctime() 將所給時(shí)間戳轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)格式化時(shí)間

1 print(help(time.ctime)) # 將時(shí)間戳轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)格式化時(shí)間2 print(time.ctime()) # 如果不帶參數(shù)則默認(rèn)為當(dāng)前時(shí)間戳3 print(time.ctime(12412415))

Help on built-in function ctime in module time:ctime(...) ctime(seconds) -> string Convert a time in seconds since the Epoch to a string in local time. This is equivalent to asctime(localtime(seconds)). When the time tuple is not present, current time as returned by localtime() is used.NoneSat Jan 16 00:21:56 2021Sun May 24 23:53:35 1970

9.time.mktime() 將所給結(jié)構(gòu)化時(shí)間轉(zhuǎn)化為時(shí)間戳

1 print(help(time.ctime)) # 打印幫助信息2 print(time.mktime(time.localtime())) # 將結(jié)構(gòu)化時(shí)間轉(zhuǎn)化為時(shí)間戳

Help on built-in function ctime in module time:ctime(...) ctime(seconds) -> string Convert a time in seconds since the Epoch to a string in local time. This is equivalent to asctime(localtime(seconds)). When the time tuple is not present, current time as returned by localtime() is used.None1610727764.0

不過(guò)值得一提的是，這種方式得到的時(shí)間戳精度要比time.time()低的多

最后，在提供一種其他求當(dāng)前時(shí)間的方法

import datetimeprint(datetime.datetime.now()) # 2021-01-15 23:55:48.985808

本次time模塊便到此結(jié)束，其他模塊下次講解

總結(jié)

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